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ILLUSTRATIONS
from
MEDICINE.

BRAIN.

A. - A section of the brain and spinal column.
1, The cerebrum.
2, The cerebellum
3, The medulla oblongata.
4, 4, The spinal cord in its canal.

B. - Anterior view of the brain and spinal cord.
1, 1, The two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
2, Longitudinal fissure separating the two hemispheres.
3, 3, The cerebellum.
4, The olfactory nerve.
5, The optic nerve.
7, The third pair of nerves.
8, The pons Varolii.
9, The fourth pair of nerves.
10, The lower portion of the medulla oblongata.
11, The spinal cord.
12, 12, Spinal nerves.
13, 13 The brachial plexus.
14,14, The lumbar and sacral plexus.

DIGESTIVE APPARATUS IN MAN.
1, Gullet. 2, Stomach. 3, Pancreas. 4. Pyloris. 5, Liver. 6, Spleen. 7, Gall-bladder.	8, Large intestine. 9, Caecum. 10, Appendix of the caecum. 11, Colon. 12, Small intestine. 13, Rectum.

THE EAR.

A, External cartilage.
B, Auditory passage.
C, Tympanum and Eustachian tube.
D, Stapus, incus and malleus.
E, Semicircular canals.
F, Cochlea or shell.

EXTERNAL, MIDDLE, AND INTERNAL EAR.

a, The auditory canal.
b, The tympanum.
c, The Eustachian tube, leading to the pharynx.
d, The cochlea; and,
e, the semicircular canals and vestibule, seen on their exterior by the removal of the surrounding bony tissue.

THE RIBS.

A, Sternum, or breast bone.
B. The seven true ribs.
C, The five false ribs.
D, The spine.
E, The Ensiform cartilage, or continuation of the sternum.

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE DIAPHRAGM IN A STATE OF REPOSE.

VIEW OF LARYNX FROM ABOVE.

b, Ligaments uniting arytenoid and cricoid cartilages.
e, Thyroid cartilage in front.
k, Left thyro-arytenoid muscle, right removed.
l, r, x, Cricoid cartilage.
m, Right crico-arytenoid muscle.
n, Arytenoid cartilage. t, v, Vocal cords.

SECTION OF THE HEART.

1, Aorta.
2, Pulmonary artery.
3, Pulmonary veins.
4, Vena cava superior.
5, Vena cava inferior.
6, Right auricle.
7, Left auricle.
8, Right ventricle.
9, Left ventricle.

CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN.

THE URETERS RUNNING FROM THE KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER.

a, Aorta.
b, Bifurcation.
c, Abdominal muscle turned down.
d, The rectum cut and tied.
e, Bladder.
f, f, Ureters.
g, g, Kidneys

THE UTERUS AND ITS APPENDAGES VIEWED ON THEIR ANTERIOR ASPECT.

1, The body of the uterus.
2, Its fundus.
3, Its cervix.
4, The os uteri.
6, The vagina laid open.
6, The broad ligaments of the uterus on the left side.
7, A convexity of the broad ligament caused by the ovary.
8, 8, The round ligaments.
9 9, The Fallopian tubes.
10,10, Their fimbriated extremities.
11, The right ovary.
12, The uteroovarian ligament.
13, The Fallopio-ovarian ligament in the peritoneum of the anterior surface. The membrane is removed on the right side to show the parts imbedded in its folds.

SKELETON OF THE VULTURE.

1, Scapula.
2 Femur.
3, Sacrum.
4, Pelvis.
5, Vertebra of the tail.
6, Corocoid bone.
7 Carpus.
8, Humerus.
9, Sternum.
10, Tibia.
11, Tarsus.

MODE OF APPLYING BANDAGES.

VARIOUS FORMS OF INSECTS' FEET, SHOWING THE ADHESIVE DISKS OR SUCKERS.

VARIOUS FORMS OF ANTENNAE.

ARTERIES OF THE HUMAN BODY.

1 Tarsal.
2, Peroneal.
3, Posterior tibial.
4, Anterior tibial.
5, Femoral.
6, Iliac.
7, Sacral.
8, Renal.
9, Intercostal.
10, Aorta.
11. Subclavian. 12, Carotid.
13, Vertebral.
14. Temporal.
15, Curvature of the Aorta.
16. Axillary.
17, Brachial.
18, Coeliac.
19, Mesenteric Arteries.
20, Radial.
21, Ulnar.

SKELETON OF MAN.

THE PELVIS.

A LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE NASAL FOSSAE OF THE LEFT SIDE, THE CENTRAL SEPTUM BEING REMOVED.

1, The last Lumbar Vertebra.
2, The Ilium.
3, Os Coccygis, slightly elongated, to show,
6, the point or beak.
4, The Ischium.
5, The Symphysis, or junction of the two bones of the Pubes.
7, The Sacrum.

1, The Frontal Bone.
2, The Nasal Bone.
3 Part of the Ethmoid Bone.
4. The Sphenoidal Sinus.
a, The Superior Turbinated Bone.
b, The Superior Meatus.
c, Middle Turbinated Bone.
d d, The Middle Meatus.
e, The Inferior Turbinated Bone.
f f, The Inferior Meatus.
g, g, A Probe passed into the Nasal Duct.

THE SALIVARY GLANDS.

1, The parotid gland.
2, The submaxillary gland.
3, The sublingual gland.
4, Steno's duct.
5, Wharton's duct.
6, Bartholin's duct.
7, Masseter muscle.
8, Mastoid process.
9, Digastric muscle.
10, Internal jugular vein.
11, External carotid artery.
12, The tongue.

VERTICAL SECTION OF THE MOUTH AND THROAT.

1, Pendulous palate.
2, Base of the cranium.
3, Pharynx.
4, OEsophagus.
5, Nose.
6, Tongue,
7, Salivary glands.
8, Lingual bone.
9 Thyroid gland.
10, Trachea or windpipe.

THE TEETH.

A The separate human teeth as they occur in the half jaw of the adult.
B. The human teeth in situ in the upper jaw.
a, a, Incisors.
b, b, Canine.
c, c, Premolars.
d, d, True molars.

VERTICAL SECTION OF THE KIDNEY.

a, Suprarenal capsule.
b, b, Cortical substance of kidney.
c c, Medullary substance of kidney.
e, e, e, The sinus or pelvis.
f, The ureter, proceeding to the bladder.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE BONES OF THE ARM.

1, The humerus.
2, The radius.
3, The ulna.
4, Carpal bones.
5, Metacarpal bones.
6, Phalanges.

a, b, THE CLAVICAL, OR COLLAR-BONE.

TRANSVERSAL VIEW OF THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES.

1, Heart.
2, 2, Lungs, drawn sideways to show the heart.
3, Diaphragm.
4 Liver.
5 Gall-bladder.
6. Stomach.
7, Small intestine.
8, Colon.

ANATOMY OF THE EYE.

1, Cornea.
2, Anterior chamber of the eye.
3, Crystalline lens.
4 The iris.
5, The vitreous humor.
6, Retina.
7, Choroid.
8, Sclerotic.
9, Optic nerve.
10, The superior and the inferior rectus.
11, Cranium.
12 The superior and the inferior eyelid.
13, Orbit.
14, Conjunctiva.

A, Lens.
B. Aqueous humor.
C, Vitreous humor.
D, Retina.
E, Iris.
F. Choroid.
G, Sclerotica.
H. Cornea.
I, Optic nerve.
K, Ciliary process and muscle.

BREAST.

Lactiferous ducts, dissected out and injected.

CAVITY OF THE EAR.

CHYLE VESSELS OF THE MESENTERY.

HAND.

The muscles 5, 6, 8 bend the wrist on the bones of the forearm. The muscle 7 bends the second range of finger-bones on the first. The muscle 11 draws the thumb from the fingers. The muscle 12 flexes the thumb. The muscle 13 turns the palm of the hand upward. The muscles 8, 13, 14 move the hand laterally.

DIAGRAM OF THE BONES OF THE HAND.

With the ends of the radius and ulna.

1, end of radius.
2, end of ulna.
3, scaphoid.
4 semilunar.
5, cuneiform.
6, pisiform.
7, trapezium.
8, trapezoid.
9, magnum.
10, unciform.
11, 11, metacarpal bones.
12, 12, first row of phalanges.
13 13, second row.
14, 14, third row.
I thumb.
II, forefinger.
III, middle-finger.
IV, ring-finger.
v, little finger.

NERVOUS - CEPHALOSPINAL CENTRES.

A, brain.
B, cerebellum.
C, cerebral protuberance (pons cerebelli).
D, D, medulla spinalis (showing laterally the roots of the spinal nerves).
E, E, spinous processes of the vertebrae.
F, 7th cervical vertebra.
G, 12th dorsal vertebra.
H, 5th lumbar vertebra.
I, sacrum.

KNEE-JOINT.

A, femur.
D, b, condyles of the femur.
d, upper part of the fibula.
C, tibia.
D. fibula.

DORSAL SURFACE OF THE LEFT FOOT,

1, the astragalus, its upper articular surface.
2, its anterior extremity, which articulates with (4) the scaphoid bone.
3, the os calcis, or heel bone.
4, the scaphoid bone.
5, the internal cuneiform bone.
6, the middle cuneiform bone.
7, the external cuneiform bone.
8, the cuboid bone.
9, the metatarsal bones of the first and second toes.
10, 11, the first and second phalanges of the great toe.
12, 13, 15, the first, second, and third phalanges of the second toe.

ALIMENTARY CANAL.

a, OEsophagus.
b, Stomach.
c, Cardiac Orifice.
d, Pylorus.
e, Small Intestine.
f, Biliary Duct.
g, Pancreatic Duct.
h, Ascending Colon.
i, Transverse Colon.
j, Descending Colon.
k, Rectum.

ALIMENTARY APPARATUS.

1, OEsophagus.
2, Stomach.
3, Spleen.
4, Colon.
5, Small Intestine.
6, Caeceum.
7, Rectum.
8, Pancreas.
9, Liver.
10, Gall Bladder.
11, Duodenum.

CARTILAGES OF LARYNX AND EPIGLOTTIS AND UPPER RINGS OF TRACHEA, SEEN FROM BEHIND.

(TAKEN FROM TODD AND BOWMAN.)

a, Arytenoid Cartilages.
b, Superior Cornua of Thyroid Cartilage.
c, Its Inferior Cornua.
d, Posterior Surface of Cricoid.
f, Epiglottis, with its perforations.
h, Its Left Inferior Tubercle.
i, Upper margin.
t, Trachea.

BRONCHI.

1, Hyoid Bone.
2, Trachea.
3, Bronchi.
4, One of the Lungs.
5, Ramifications of the Bronchi.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE FACIAL NERVE AND OF THE BRANCHES OF THE CERVICAL PLEXUS.

1, The facial nerve at its emergence from the stylomastoid foramen.
2, Temporal branches communicating with (3) the frontal branches of the fifth or bifacial nerve.
4, Infraorbital branches, communicating with (5) the infraorbital branches of the fifth nerve.
6, Maxillary branches communicating with (7) the mental branch of the fifth nerve.
8, Cervico-facial branches.
9, The spinal accessory nerve giving off a branch to the trapezius muscles.

BASE OF THE SKULL.

1, Hard palate, formed by the palate processes of the superior maxillary bone.
2, 2, Palate bones.
3, Vomer, dividing the openings of the posterior nostrils.
4, Zygomatic fossa.
5, Basilar process of the occipital bone.
6, Foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes.
7, Foramen ovale.
8, Glenoid fossa, in which the head of the lower jaw bone lies.
9, External auditory foremen.
10, Carotid foramen of the left side.
11, Styloid process.
12, Mastoid process.
13, One of the condyles of the occipital bone.

THE LEFT SHOULDER-JOINT AND ITS CONNECTIONS.

1, The clavicle, or collar bone.
2, The acromion process.
3. The coracoid process.
4, The capsular ligament.
5, The coraco-humeral ligament.
6, The tendons of the biceps muscle.
7, The shaft of the humerus, or arm bone.
8 The greater tuberosity of the humerus.
9, The lesser tuberosity.
10, The neck of the scapula.
11, The anterior surface of the scapula.

THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE TONGUE, SHOWING THE PAPILLAE.

1, The rapine or mesial line.
2, 2, The lateral parts.
3, The tip.
4, 4, The sides or edges.
5, 5 The V-shaped mass of circumvallate papillae.
6, The foramen caecum.
7, The mucous glands at the root of the tongue.
8 The epiglottis.
9, 9, 9, The fraena epiglot tides.
10, 10, The greater horns of the hyoid bone.

Index